1. add r1, r2, r3 • Need to specify instructions in machine readable form • Bunch of Bits • Instructions are bits with well defined fields Like a floating point number has different fields • Instruction Format establishes a mapping from "instruction" to binary values Answer to Solved The instruction, MLA R0,R1,R2,R3 performs. ldr r3, [r1], r2 @ address mode: post-indexed. bx lr adr_var1: .word var1 adr_var2: .word var2 For example, the instruction ADD R0, R1, R2, LSL#2 will add together R1 and (R2<<2) and load the result into R0, without affecting the value of R2 in any way. ADDNE R5, R5, R6 ; If not zero R5+R6 and put in R5. _____ addressing mode is most suitable to change the normal sequence of execution of instructions. ADD r0, r0, r1 is legal and means add the values in r0 and r1 together and place the result in r0. ____ symbol is used to signify write back mode. a) 5+R1+R2 b) 5+(R1*R2) c) 5+[R1]+[R2] d) 5*([R1]+[R2]) Ans. 6.The addressing mode, where you directly specify the operand value is _____ a) Immediate b) Direct c) Definite d) Relative Ans. Correct examples ITTE NE ; IT can be omitted ANDNE r0,r0,r1 ; 16-bit AND, not ANDS ADDSNE r2,r2,#1 ; 32-bit ADDS (16-bit ADDS does not set flags in ; IT block) MOVEQ r2,r3 ; 16-bit MOV ITT AL ; emit 2 non-flag setting 16-bit instructions ADDAL r0,r0,r1 ; 16-bit ADD, not ADDS SUBAL r2,r2,#1 ; 16-bit SUB, not SUB ADD r0,r0,r1 ; expands into 32-bit ADD, and is not in IT block ITT EQ MOVEQ r0,r1 . r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr. Answer: a Clarification: The LDM instruction is used to load data into multiple locations. See the answer See the answer See the answer done loading . The assembler of the GNU toolchains is known as the GNU assembler or GAS, and the tool's name is arm-none-eabi-as.You can call this directly, or you can use the familiar arm-none-eabi-gcc to act as a gateway. r7. 1) BACK: DEC R0 JZ BACK 2) BACK: DJNZ RO, BACK Option A: YES Option B: NO Option C: can't be determined Option D: yes and the second one is . SUBS R1, R1, R2 MOVMI R0, #-1 Conditional Execution and Flags • This improves code density and performance by reducing the number of forward branch instructions. The instruction, MLA R0,R1,R2,R3 performs: Option A: R0 [R1]+[R2]+[R3] Option B: R3 [R0]+[R1]+[R2] Option C: R0 [R1]*[R2]+[R3] Option D: R3 [R0]*[R1]+[R2] Q13. MLA r0, r1, r2, r3 . Use "," (comma) to separate each register For example, the following instructions read address 0x20000000 to 0x2000000F (four words) into R0 to R3: The latter is probably a better choice, as it'll allow the use of the C preprocessor with '-x assembler-with-cpp'. @ address mode: pre-indexed. Load value at memory address found in R1 to register R3. a) Loads the contents of R10 into R1, R0, R6 and R7. The DMA differs from the interrupt mode by _____ a) The involvement of the processor for the operation b . Sets r0 to the value r1*r2+r3. VS: overflow set V=1. This assignment is dead code, and it is compiled away. d. none of the mentioned. ARM data instructions. a) AND b) ORR c) BIC d) MUL 27) R1 . MLA Rd, Rm, Rs, Rn; Rd = (Rm * Rs) + Rn. User mode r0-r12, r15, and cpsr. • Basic data processing instructions MOV Move a 32-bit value MOV Rd,n Rd = n MVN Move negated (logical NOT) 32-bit value MVN Rd,n Rd = n ADD Add two 32-bit values ADD Rd,Rn,n Rd = Rn+n ADC Add two 32-bit values and carry ADC Rd,Rn,n Rd = Rn+n+C SUB Subtract two 32-bit values SUB Rd,Rn,n Rd = Rn-n SBC Subtract with carry of two 32-bit values SBC Rd,Rn,n Rd = Rn-n+C-1 • General rules: - All operands are 32-bit, coming from registers or literals. • Basic data processing instructions MOV Move a 32-bit value MOV Rd,n Rd = n MVN Move negated (logical NOT) 32-bit value MVN Rd,n Rd = n ADD Add two 32-bit values ADD Rd,Rn,n Rd = Rn+n ADC Add two 32-bit values and carry ADC Rd,Rn,n Rd = Rn+n+C SUB Subtract two 32-bit values SUB Rd,Rn,n Rd = Rn-n SBC Subtract with carry of two 32-bit values SBC Rd,Rn,n Rd = Rn-n+C-1 n Performs 33-bit rotate, with the CPSR'sC bit being inserted above . User. B Branch (immediate) Assembly language format: B{cond} label performs: branch to location indicated by label, when condition(s) specified by condition code suffix {cond} is(are) met PC label Example: CMP R0, R B EQ IFEQUAL @ Some instructions for R0, R1 not equal: B SKIPEQUAL IFEQUAL: @ Some instructions for R0, R1 equal: SKIPEQUAL: @ Continue . MLA R4 R3 R2 R1 @ R4 = R3xR2+R1MLA R4, R3, R2, R1 @ R4 = R3xR2+R1 . Multiplies the values of Rm and Rs, adds the value of Rn, and places the least significant 32 bits of the result in Rd. If they are not the same (so that the Zero flag will be clear, Z=0) then R5 and R6 are summed and the result placed in R5. Let R0=02FA62CA, R1=0000FFFF. The The MLA instruction performs a multiply-accumulate operation, particularly useful in matrix operations and signal processing. This reverse subtract instruction (RSB) subtracts r1 from the constant value #0, writing the result to r0. The shift operations are not separate instructions rather; shifts can be applied to arithmetic and logical instructions. CMP R0, R1 ; Compare R6 with R5 and set flags. § All instructions can access r0-r14 directly § Most instructions also allow use of the pc . Multiply and add MLA r0, r1, r2, r3 [r0] [r3] + ([r1] x [r2]) Multiply the two source operands and add the result to the value in the last register. 4. VS: overflow set V=1. _____ addressing mode is most suitable to change the normal sequence of execution of instructions. Here the subtracted value (r0 - r1) is moved to r0 after performing operation. Commit -write the results back to registers / memory MLA r7, r1, r3, r5 MLA r9, r4, r6 . (r3*r2+r1) [31:0] Multiplication by a Constant Multiplication by a constant equals to a ((power of 2) +/-1) can be done in a . forward branch instructions. Do the two instructions mean the same? Answer: c. Explanation: These instructions are generally used to perform memory transfer operations. Assembly listing is as below, r1 - ADC_Reading (signed) r2 - Gain (unsigned) UMULL r0,r5,r1,r2 ; unsigned multiply 32 * 32 ASRS r3,r1,#31 ; Arithmetic Shift Right MLA r2,r3,r2,r5 ; Multiply & Accumulate MLA r1,r1,r12,r2 ; Multiply & Accumulate MOV r2,#0x8000 MOV r3,r12 BL __aeabi_ldivmod ; 64-bits divider function So multiplication is not a big . Answer (1 of 7): First you should understand how the processor works. POST r0 = 0x00000001 ; This is the output of above instruction moved to r0 register. § ADD r0, r1, r2 § SUBGT r3, r3, #1 . r3. Return output parameter in R0 if needed. - It's like ADD R0, R1, R0 ;no problem 38 §Processor interprets instruction and performs required actions 12. CMP r3,#0 CMP r3,#0 BEQ skip ADDNE r0,r1,r2 ADD r0,r1,r2 skip • By default, data processing instructions do not affect the condition code flags but the flags can be optionally set by using "S". r2, r3, lsr #4 r1 = r2 + (r3>>4) Another example (what does this do): add r1, r2, r2, lsl #2 8. Do the two instructions mean the same? MOVS R0, R1 MOVEQS R0, R2 MOVEQ R0, R3. It is often used in signal-processing appli- cations. Then the instruction results in the pattern 02FA0000 being placed in R0 Do the two instructions mean the same? 16 of 27 sets. C 8. • MLA R0, R1, R2, R0; sum of products into R0 • Does this violate the rule of target/destination must be different for multiplication operations? r1. The LDM instruction is used to load data into multiple locations. r13 (sp) r14 (lr) spsr. Data processing instructions Examples: ADD r0, r1, r2 ; r0 := r1 + r2 SUB r0, r1, #2 ; r0 := r1 - 2 Note: • everything after the ';' is a comment - it is there solely for the programmer's convenience • the result register (r0) is listed first ©2001 PEVEIT Unit - ARM System Design Assembly - v5 - 6 Data processing instructions CMP r3,#0 CMP r3,#0 BEQ skip ADDNE r0,r1,r2 ADD r0,r1,r2 skip Conditional Execution mov r3, #0 mov r12, #0 mov r1, r0 mov r2, r1 mul r1, r1, r2 mla r12, r3, r0, r12 orr r0, r1, r12 The value of v is never used. The instruction, MLA R0,R1,R2,R3 performs _____ a) R0<-[R1]+[R2]+[R3] b) R3<-[R0]+[R1]+[R2] c) R0<-[R1]*[R2 . a) AND b) ORR c) BIC d) MUL 27) R1 . ) r14 ( lr ) spsr is the output of above instruction moved r0... /A > forward branch instructions R1 is legal and means add the values in r0 do. ) Creates a the instruction, mla r0,r1,r2,r3 performs _________ of the source registers, i.e this is the output of above instruction moved r0! 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