Active Projects

AquaSPICE aims at materializing circular water use in the European Process Industries, fostering awareness in resource-efficiency and delivering compact solutions for industrial applications. That challenging aim necessitates (i) multiple state-of-the-art water treatment and re-use technologies, (ii) diverse closer-loop practices regarding water, energy and substances, (iii) a cyber-physical-system controller in the form of a system for real-time monitoring, assessment and optimization of water (re-)use at different interconnected levels and (iv) an effective methodological, regulatory and business framework.

ARSINOE shapes the pathways to resilience by bringing together a Systems Innovation Approach (SIA) and the Climate Innovation Window (CIW), to build an ecosystem for climate change adaptation solutions. Within the ARSINOE ecosystem, pathways to solutions are co-created and co-designed by stakeholders, who can then select either existing CIW technologies, or technologies by new providers (or a combination) to form an innovation package.

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The B-WaterSmart project aims to speed up the transition to water-smart economies and societies in coastal Europe and beyond. To achieve this, it will adopt a large-scale systemic innovation approach to select, connect and demonstrate tailored solutions for multiple users and sectors. It will further create new business models based on circular economy and water-smartness. The project will deliver a new framework for evaluating gains in water-smartness and sustainability at different scales. It will also demonstrate a range of promising technologies for water reuse and nutrient recovery as well as smart data applications for more efficient resource allocation and use.

H2OforAll project aims to assess main Disinfection By products (DBPs) sources through the development of fast, cost-effective and accurate sensor monitoring devices and by modelling their spread through drinking water distribution systems. DBPs toxicity and environmental impact will be studied and measures will be proposed to protect drinking water chain.

The HYDROUSA project aims to setup, demonstrate and optimise on-site, innovative nature based solutions (NBS) for the management of a variety of water streams, including wastewater, rainwater, groundwater, atmospheric vapour water and seawater to produce valuable resources, which can then be used to enrich the domestic water supply and valorised to increase agricultural production and boost the economic activities of water-scarce Mediterranean areas.

iBATHWATER is a real-scale demonstration project for a new integrated management system for the urban sewerage network. Its application is expected to reduce the impact of discharged untreated rainwater on the natural environment, thereby improving the quality of bathing water during and after episodes of intense rainfall. The two cities where the pilot tests are being carried out are Barcelona – coastal waters – and Berlin – river water.

ICARIA’s overall objective is to promote the use of a comprehensive asset level modelling framework to achieve a better understanding about climate related impacts produced by complex, compound and cascading disasters. Furthermore, such a framework will include the assessment of possible risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable and cost-effective adaptation solutions.

IDEATION (InlanD watErs in the digitAl Twin OceaN) aims to prepare the development of the digital twin of the inland waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, snow, and ice) addressing activities to be developed and to make it integrated and interoperable with the DTO for a unified digital twin of ocean and waters (addressing the hydrosphere as a whole).

To help accelerate Europe’s climate adaptation strategy and meet the European Union’s ambitions to become the world’s first climate-neutral continent by 2050, IMPETUS was launched in October 2021. Its objective: turn climate commitments into tangible, urgent actions to protect communities and the planet.

IntelWATT aims to develop innovative, cost efficient, smart separation technologies applied in energy and water intensive industries. The goal of the project is to demonstrate 3 TRL7 case studies that will achieve water preservation along with energy production and material recovery. The proposed solutions will also target at zero liquid discharge while implementing maximum water reuse.

iWAYS will find ways to reduce, recover and reutilize gaseous, liquid and solid waste. Our ambition is to contribute to a future where industry is sustainable and green. This will require advances in several fields. Each one of these innovations will benefit not only European industry but also society.

MAR2PROTECT will provide a holistic approach to prevent groundwater contamination from climate change and global change impacts based on a new-generation managed aquifer recharge (MAR). The core of the innovative MAR is the M-AI-R DSS that will incorporate technological and societal engagement information using an AI-based evaluation to improve groundwater quality.

NATALIE addresses the risks posed by climate change and its impacts and proposes to advance the concepts of "ecosystem-based adaptation" in Europe combined with climate resilient development pathways, as the means for impact driven Nature-Based Solutions (NBS), to accelerate and mainstreaming the adoption of NBS for resilience to climate change.

NEXOGENESIS is a 4-year European collaborative project financed by the European Commission under the H2020 programme. It gathers 20 partners from Europe and South Africa focusing on facilitating the next generation of effective and intelligent water-related policies using artificial intelligence and machine learning to assess policy impacts on the WEFE nexus to suggest new ways to design better, more harmonious policy.

NIAGARA is a ground-breaking initiative that addresses the monitoring of chemical and biological pollution in drinking water at the Drinking Water Treatment Plants (DWTPs) level, new technologies for their removal, their associated potential toxicological effects, and the prediction of their spread and human exposition.

NINFA will provide a novel strategy based on an early-warning DSS and knowledge base (the NINFA Plat-form) and a series of innovative and cost-effective monitoring, modelling and treatment solutions, considering diverse pollutants (nutrients, pesticides, salinity, CECs, ARG, and MP) and synergistic effects regarding stressors derived from climate and global changes, with the aim of preventing GW contamination, protecting its quality and enhancing its resilience.

PathoCERT project aims to strengthen the coordination capability of first responders in the event that they have to work in places where the risk of contamination via water is high. Within this scope, the project will produce pathogen contamination emergency
response technologies, tools and guidelines to be validated by first responders, helping them to detect pathogens quickly and to better control emergency situations.

RECONECT demonstrates, references and upscales Nature-Based Solutions in rural and natural areas

REWAISE will create a new “smart water ecosystem”, mobilising all relevant stakeholders to make society embrace the true value of water, reducing freshwater and energy use, resulting in a carbon free, sustainable hydrological cycle, to transition into a resilient circular economy.

SafeCREW aims to support the novel EU Drinking Water Directive (DWD) by generating advanced knowledge and developing tools and guidelines for disinfected and non-disinfected drinking water supply systems.

SCOREwater focuses on enhancing the resilience of cities against climate change and urbanization by enabling a water smart society that fulfills European Sustainable Development Goals 3, 6, 11, 12 and 13 and secures future ecosystem services.

SEDIMARK aims at designing and prototyping a secure decentralised and intelligent data and services marketplace that bridges remote data platforms and allows the efficient and privacy-preserving sharing of vast amounts of heterogeneus, high quality, certified data and services supporting the common EU data spaces.

ToDrinQ is a EU-funded project that aims at developing a toolkit of technologies, systems and decision tools that will improve overall water systems operations and secure high quality drinking water. ToDrinQ will develop novel real time sensing and water quality monitoring technologies, innovative treatment systems and interoperable decision tools that support resilient, evidence-based treatment plant design and improved overall water system operational awareness and response.

ULTIMATE is a project on water smart industrial symbiosis, and demonstrates, at 9 large scale sites across Europe, enabling technologies. It also assesses their environmental and economic performance, and actively engages stakeholders and citizens to stimulate uptake and acceptance of the circular solutions.

WaterFutures aims to develop a new theoretical framework for the allocation and development decisions on drinking water infrastructure systems, so that they are socially equitable, economically efficient and environmentally resilient, as advocated by the UN Agenda 2030, Sustainable Development Goals. The framework will integrate real-time monitoring and control with long-term robustness and flexibility based pathway methods, and incorporate economic, social, ethical and environmental considerations for sustainable transitioning of urban water systems
under deep uncertainty with multiple possible futures.

WATERLINE aims to create a European Digital Water Higher Education Institution (HEI) Alliance, based on the quadruple helix model of innovation, leading to the development of the Alliance’s research, educational and entrepreneurship capacities. This shall leverage the individual, institutional and regional resources required for a transformative structural and sustainable learning and innovation environment.

WATERVERSE is an EU-funded project aimed at developing a Water Data Management Ecosystem (WDME) for making data management practices and resources in the water sector accessible, affordable, secure, fair, and easy to use. The Water Data Management Ecosystem will improve usability of data and the interoperability of data-intensive processes, thus lower the entry barrier to data spaces, enhance the resilience of water utilities and boosting the perceived value of data and therefore the market opportunities behind it.

Linked EC initiatives

 

BRIDGE is a European Commission initiative which unites Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe Smart Grid, Energy Storage, Islands, and Digitalisation Projects to create a structured view of cross-cutting issues which are encountered in the demonstration projects and may constitute an obstacle to innovation. The BRIDGE process fosters continuous knowledge sharing amongst projects thus allowing them to deliver conclusions and recommendations about the future exploitation of the project results, with a single voice, through four different Working Groups representing the main areas of interest: Data Management, Business Models, Regulations, and Consumer and Citizen Engagement.

 

ETSI .  The ICT4Water cluster collaborates with Industry Specification Group (ISG) cross cutting Context Information Management (CIM) to develop open standards for the water domain and with developing a SAREF extension for water https://saref.etsi.org/saref4watr/v1.1.1/.

 

Water Europe strives to strive to increase coordination and collaboration, to enhance the performance of the water service providers, water users, and technology providers, in a sustainable and inclusive way, and to contribute to solving water-related global challenges.

Completed Projects

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The AfriAlliance project aims to better prepare Africa for future climate change challenges by having African and European stakeholders work together in the areas of water innovation, research, policy, and capacity development. Rather than creating new networks, the 16 EU and African partners in this project consolidate existing ones, consisting of scientists, decision makers, practitioners, citizens and other key stakeholders, into an effective, problem-focused knowledge sharing mechanism.

Exposure of citizens to potential disasters has led to vulnerable societies that require risk reduction measures. Drinking water is one of the main risk sources when its safety and security are not ensured. aqua3S project steps in to combine novel technologies in water safety and security, aiming to standardize existing sensor technologies complemented by state-of-the-art detection mechanisms.

AquaNES will catalyze innovations in water and wastewater treatment processes and management through improved combinations of natural and engineered components. The project focuses on 13 demonstration sites in Europe, India and Israel covering a representative range of regional, climatic, and hydro geological conditions. Among the demonstrated solutions are natural treatment processes such as bank filtration (BF), managed aquifer recharge (MAR) and constructed wetlands (CW) plus engineered pre- and post-treatment options

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Blue RoSES aims at developing innovative services that seek to adapt marinas and leisure boat design to changing customer demand. It does this by integrating robotics and IoT. These new services will result in creating job opportunities and new business models. Customers will be enabled to visit underwater sites by piloting a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) from a leisure boat, ground control room or web app.

BlueSCities

BlueSCities: Blueprints for Smart Cities: Developing the methodology for a coordinated approach to the integration of the water and waste sectors within the EIP Smart Cities and Communities.

CENTAUR aims to provide an innovative, cost effective, local autonomous sewer flow control system to reduce urban flood risk. CENTAUR has been developed and tested using computer models and a laboratory test facility at the University of Sheffield (UK). A pilot system has been installed in Coimbra (PT) and demonstration site is being designed for implementation in Toulouse (FR).

The objective CYTO-WATER is to deploy, for the first time in industrial and environmental waters, a new imaging cytometer platform for the detection and quantification of microorganisms. This will allow quantify Legionella and E. coli population within 120 minutes from obtaining the sample, overcoming in this way the main disadvantage of traditional methods used in laboratories, i.e. long time-to results which can currently last up to 12 days in the case of Legionella and 1 day for E. coli. This tool will be an easy-to-handle portable form, which will increase its versatility and widen the possibilities of onsite applications.

daiad

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The DAIAD project constitutes an innovative approach for addressing the challenge of efficient water management through real-time knowledge of residential water consumption, bringing together leading members of the water and ICT domains. Our goal is to research and develop innovative low cost, inclusive technologies for real-time, high granularity water monitoring and knowledge extraction.

DIANA is aimed at co-designing and openly demonstrating a commercial service platform that will empower water managers and authorities to optimise the identification and inspection of non-authorised water abstractions for irrigation as well as improve their water management policies and practices, especially in extreme conditions such as drought.

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With the potential of data and smart digital technologies, digital-water.city’s main goal is to boost the integrated management of water systems in five major European cities : Berlin, Copenhagen, Milan, Paris and Sofia.
DWC’s digital solutions are developed in close collaboration with municipalities, utilities, research institutes and innovation players from both the digital and physical sphere. digital-water.city integrates the development of digital solutions in a dedicated guiding protocol to cover existing gaps in governance, interoperability and cybersecurity.

The main goal of LIFE EFFIDRAIN is to demonstrate an integrated real-time control (RTC) strategy of urban drainage networks (UDN) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to minimize the pollution of receiving waters during rain events, through the use of real-time quantity and quality data. By using simulation software as Virtual Reality, RTC techniques based on hydraulic and quality information will be developed, implemented and tested for two pilot UDN+WWTP systems showing different features regarding climate conditions, network size and automation level.

effinet

EFFINET addresses three main management problems in urban water system: optimal operational control, real-time monitoring and demand forecasting.

FIWARE is a smart solution platform to support SMEs and developers in creating the next generation of internet services, as the main ecosystem for Smart City initiatives for cross-domain data exchange/cooperation and for the NGI initiative. Fiware4Water intends to link the water sector to FIWARE by demonstrating its capabilities and the potential of its interoperable and standardised interfaces for both water sector end-users and solution providers.

freewat

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The main goal of FREEWAT is to simplify the application of the water-related EU Directives, by using FREEWAT, a free and open source GIS-integrated modelling environment for simulation of quantity/quality of surface water and groundwater.

The G3P project develops a Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P) that will show groundwater storage variations with global coverage and monthly resolution from 2002 until present. This is done by a cross-cutting combination of GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite gravity data with water storage data that are based on the existing portfolio of the Copernicus services, the European Union's Earth Observation Programme that offers information services based on satellite Earth Observation and in-situ data.

Ground Truth 2.0 is a 3-year EC funded project that is setting up and validating six citizen observatories in real conditions, in four European and two African demonstration cases. The project is demonstrating that such observatories are technologically feasible, can be implemented sustainably and that they have many societal and economic benefits. The ultimate objective is the global market uptake of the concept and the enabling technologies.

The iBATHWATER project is mainly aimed at demonstrating the efficiency of the integrated management of the urban sewage system to effectively minimize untreated wastewater spills, reduce pollution and environmental impact in the receiving water bodies and minimise the sanitary risks of bathing areas during short term contamination episodes.

ICeWater will increase the stability of freshwater supply to citizens in ur­ban areas by adjusting the water supply to the actual consumption, while minimizing energy consumption through smart-grid integration and water spillage through leak de­tec­tion.

INCOVER concept has been designed to move wastewater treatment from being primarily a sanitation technology towards a bio-product recovery industry and a recycled water supplier. A wastewater specific Decision Support System methodology will be tailored to the INCOVER technologies and provide data and selection criteria for a holistic wastewater management approach. Three added-value plants treating wastewater from three case-studies (municipalities, farms and food and beverage industries) will be implemented, assessed and optimised concurrently.

INNOQUA is an Innovative Ecological on-site Sanitation System for Water and Resource Savings that integrates individual low cost, sustainable and biologically-based water sanitation technologies capable of performing a whole water treatment cycle with different configurations adapted to local contexts and markets with industrial scale-up.

INTCATCH will change the way in which current river and lake water quality monitoring is implemented. The project will accomplish this by developing and demonstrating efficient, user friendly water quality monitoring strategies and systems. These are based on innovative technologies, such as autonomous boats with sensors, DNA test kits and a decision support system. We will empower stakeholders and citizen scientists to engage with water quality management.

isswatus

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The proposed project is an interdisciplinary effort of specialists from water management and ICT research respectively to develop an intelligent Integrated Support System for Efficient WATer USage and resources management (ISS-EWATUS). The project will develop several innovative ICT methods aiming to exploit the untapped water-saving potential in EU.

The INTEGROIL project addresses the development and demonstration of a robust and flexible integrated solution for treating water flows generated in the activities of the Oil&Gas industry, making them of reusable quality and reducing the dependency on water availability. This new solution comprises innovative treatment technologies effectively operated and optimized through a novel Decision Support System which can generate water of high quality to be reused. The solution, although demonstrated in the Oil&Gas sector can be easily implemented in other water-intensive industries.

iwidget

iWIDGET is a European Commission project aimed at improved water efficiencies through the use of novel ICT technologies for integrated supply-demand side management. It is a project funded under the EU 7th framework Programme, which started in November 2012 and will run for 3 years.

kindra

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The overall objective of the project is to take stock of Europe’s contemporary practical and scientific knowledge of hydrogeology research and innovation with the help of an inventory of research results, activities, projects and programmes, and then use the inventory to identify critical research challenges and gaps, with a view to avoiding overlaps.

MONOCLE will create sustainable in situ observation solutions for Earth Observation (EO) of optical water quality in inland and transitional waters. The MONOCLE project will develop essential research and technology to lower the cost of acquisition, maintenance, and regular deployment of in situ sensors.

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NAIADES supports the modernization and digitization of the water sector by providing a holistic solution for the control and management of water ecosystems. The project aims to address the increased need for sustainable and eco-friendly water methodologies by defining a new ICT framework, with a wider scope than a sole technical proposition. Driven by the need to yield an end-to-end, uniform approach, NAIADES redefines water management by taking into consideration issues pertaining to cost, safety, complexity, vulnerability, societal acceptance, user behaviour and ethics.

The NextGen initiative will evaluate and champion innovative and transformational circular economy solutions and systems that challenge embedded thinking and practices around resource use in the water sector. We will produce new understandings to underpin the exploitation of techniques and technologies that enhance our ability to recover, refine, reuse, repurpose, capture value from, and extend the use-life of, an ever-increasing range of resources and products, thereby projecting the European water and allied sectors as global circular economy pioneers.

power

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The Project “Political and sOcial awareness on Water EnviRonmental challenges” (POWER) will set up a user-driven Digital Social Platform (DSP) for the expansion and governance of POWER existing water networks.

Building on advanced Earth-Observation data products while integrating with other data sources and modelling tools, PrimeWater is generating information on the effects of upstream changes on future water quality and quantity. PrimeWater's operational services will be deployed and tested in 4 full scale case studies in Europe, USA and Australia.

Project Ô demonstrates how local, small loops of water management can be beneficial in alleviating the
pressures over a water management system while allowing for a circular economy vision of the resource
“water”.

PROTEUS aims at delivering an autonomous, highly multifunctional MEMS and nano‐enabled microfluidic sensor node for adaptive and cognitive drink & waste water quality monitoring

The RESCCUE project aims to help urban areas around the world to become more resilient to climate change by providing innovative models and tools to improve the ability of cities to withstand and recover quickly from multiple shocks and stresses and maintain continuity of services.

Run4Life proposes a radical new technological concept for wastewater treatment and nutrient recovery. It is based on source-separated collection of domestic wastewaters and kitchen waste, with each flow receiving optimal treatment for resource recovery and subsequent safe reuse. A smart platform fed by on-line monitoring of key performance indicators will allow the decentralized management maximizing nutrient recovery and improving process efficiency.

SAFEWATER project is an FP7 security project with the overreaching aim of developing a comprehensive and pragmatic platform to manage the safety and security of drinking water, reducing the time to react and effectively respond to crisis. It is a 39 months project, which started in October 2013 and encompass the development of use cases, software and sensor developments as well as field trials in a range of different settings.

SAPIENCE is an EIT Climate KIC Pathfinder project. Through the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in the fields to monitor agricultural practices, it creates a system that incentivises and rewards virtuous behaviours. For 2020 it focuses on efficient and sustainable use of irrigation water between different pilot sites, dedicated to the production of wine and horticultural products

SIM4NEXUS logo

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SIM4NEXUS envisions the Nexus concept as an integral part of the transition towards a resource-efficient and low-carbon economy. In order to boost the necessary transition SIM4NEXUS aims to develop innovative methodologies for the facilitation of the design of policies and bridge knowledge and technology gaps in the field of the water-land-food-energy-climate Nexus under climate change conditions.

sh2o

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SmartH2O builds an ICT platform to apply social computing, data analysis and demand forecast, and flexible pricing to improve residential water consumption.

The Smart.met project involves 7 water utilities in a joint Pre-Commercial Procurement (PCP) supported by 6 expert organizations in giving support on the following topics: technical assessment, procurement procedure and dissemination. The objective to be reached is the implementation of an effective, efficient, interoperable solution. The solution will be based on open standard (drinking) water smart metering, delivered by public water utilities capable to identify performance issues, improve customer service and optimization of the supply of water.

logo Smart-Plant

SMART-Plant is validating and addressing to the market a portfolio of SMARTechnologies that, singularly or combined, can renovate and upgrade existing wastewater treatment plants and give the added value of instigating the paradigm change towards efficient wastewater-based bio-refineries. Real time monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumptions and process parameters will support the decisions towards the low carbon and energy footprint that are continuously assessed.

LIFE SmartWater demonstrates the water saving capabilities of Advanced Active Leakage Control in the Gouda water distribution network.

Smartwater4Europe is a collaborative project comprising 21 players from the public and private sectors led by Dutch utility Vitens and featuring Acciona
Agua and Thames Water, focused on making the business case for smart water supply networks around the world. By combining data and experience from four sites in different circumstances across Europe, the initiative allows for forward thinking and knowledge-gathering about smart water on an unprecedented scale, giving new insight into an industry that could save global water operators an estimated €10 billion a year.

SPACE-O integrates satellite technology and in-situ monitoring systems with state of the art hydrologic and water quality modelling using advanced ICT tools for generating real time, short to medium term forecasts of water flows and key water quality parameters (e.g. turbidity, algae) in reservoirs, that in turn are used to support decision making in water supply services, enabling proactive informed decision-making at operational level.

Logo STOP-IT

The H2020 European research project STOP-IT focuses on the strategic, tactical and operational protection of critical water infrastructures against physical and cyber threats.

The SWAMP project develops IoT based methods and approaches for smart water management in precision irrigation domain. The project is a collaboration project between the EU and Brazil and has four pilots in Italy, Spain, and Brazil. The SWAMP project addresses the smart water management challenges by use of the Internet of Things (IoT), data fusion, data analytics, and autonomous drones combined with mobile applications. Target is to analyse the exact need of water, the situation at the farm, and to match the irrigation and water delivery to them.

The objective of SUBSOL is to establish a market breakthrough of subsurface water solutions as robust, effective, sustainable, and cost-efficient answers to the freshwater challenges in coastal areas worldwide. We will achieve this by developing a practical approach which will accelerate acceptance of subsurface water solutions and will broaden the market reach and uptake.

LIFE SWSS main objectives are to create an innovative management and decision support platform (SWSS). The SWSS platform will be demonstrated on three demonstration water supply systems under real working conditions. The goal is to decrease the energy consumption, associated GHG emissions and water leakage by implementing the SWSS platform in the demonstration systems and by implementing reverse-pump for energy recovery (renewable energy) in gravity systems.

Improving the efficiency of water management in Europe has been recognised by the Euroopean Commission as essential for overcoming the growing exposure of European countries to Water Scarcity and Droughts. UrbanWater proposes a platform that will enable a better end to-end water management in urban areas, accounting for 17% of freshwater consumption in the EU.

logo WADI

WADI’s overall objective is to contribute to the reduction of losses in water transmission systems for water supply, irrigation, and hydropower, and simultaneously, to decrease the related energy consumption. The project will develop an airborne water leak detection surveillance service to provide water utilities with adequate information on leaks in water infrastructure outside urban areas, thus enabling prompt and cost-effective repairs.

waterInn

Applying European market leadership to river basin networks and spreading of innovation on water ICT models, tools and data.

waterp

WatERP will develop a web-based “Open Management Platform” (OMP) supported by real-time knowledge on water supply and demand, enabling the entire water distribution system to be viewed in an integrated and customized way.

waternomics

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The key problem addressed in WATERNOMICS is the lack of water information, management and decision support tools that present meaningful and personalized information about usage, price, and availability of water in an intuitive and interactive way to end users. This introduces limitations in the efforts to manage water as a resource.

WEAM4i aims to balance and optimise the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the strategic and operational management of the irrigated agriculture sector. WEAM4i project has covered many case studies to demonstrate innovative techniques for resource efficiency at local level, decision support tools and an ICT/cloud platform for sharing weather forecast and remote sensing data services & applications.

widest

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The project has the vision of establishing and supporting a thriving, interconnected ICT for water community to promote the dissemination and exploitation of EU funded activities and results in this area.

The WISDOM project will combine different innovative technologies (including smart ICT components and decision support system) to integrate water distribution, real time sensor monitoring and high power computing networks.

ZERO BRINE – Re-designing the value and supply chain of water and minerals: A circular economy approach for the recovery of resources from brine generated by process industries’ advances circular economy business model solutions to reduce industrial saline wastewater streams by recovering and reusing the minerals and water from the brine in other industries, thus ‘closing the loop’ and improving the environmental impacts of production.