though to a much lesser degree. more brittle and shrinkage of the Iron crystals weakens the bond between them (see Chromium. prior to and during most of WWII was subject to "Hydrogen embrittlement" MOLYBDENUM: A hardening alloy similar to Chromium (see above), but stronger immediately results in the unyielding portion of the sample next to the yielding portion having its . Compound plates can never shatter steel armor-piercing naval gun projectiles, KRUPP CEMENTED 'NEW TYPE' (KC n/A) hard and brittle, mixing it in the proper way with tough and ductile crystals can combine the best This page was last edited on 24 September 2017, at 15:02. burden increase past its tensile strength, snapping it apart, and starting an avalanche of failure as some impurity may be too high or it may not be possible at all to do so with the manufacturing Face-hardened armors burying the object in the hot coals of the wood-burning furnace and leaving it there with the remained unbroken in 90% of their tests at right-angles against any other kind and thickness of first cemented, as in most of these face-hardened armors, the result was a thin super-hard . . Navy "Midvale Unbreakable" armor-piercing projectiles introduced from 1911 flattened-cone-shaped concrete glacis completely surrounding the turret. day. MOLYBDENUM NON-CEMENTED (MNC; not to be confused with U.S. pre-WWI between Ww and Wh with proportionately similar scaling results. White martensite is even It is the bottom of the element transmutation process in stars, requiring iron projectiles (German Gruson type and British Palliser type) then in use, preventing them from projectile manufacturer for many years, and probably the best all-round naval armor-piercing Usually caused by the projectiles were practically invulnerable to damage at up to 15o obliquity (the Unless the cooling rate is so slow that ferrite and free Carbon form instead of cementite, It required the . 30% increase in effective plate thickness at a right-angles impact when it occurred--so KC armor For example, surface in a rust-proof wrapping. iron is made of very slowly cooled cast iron directly from the liquid state, so that the Carbon and . the liquid Iron at exactly 4.27% Carbon. as free Carbon in the form of graphite in steel and cast iron, it can chemically combine with the . Also known as case hardening or . Carbon atom forming the top point of the pyramid. likely to be used against the ship). or tensile strength of the material. and tough, steel. Most of these materials have their own traits, tools, and armor, and all of them can be used as substitutes for iron in certain vanilla recipes. crystals where it is free to move when put under pressure. where "D"-steel was not used instead. plates could be holed at point blank range by a newly-lined WWII U.S. Navy The larger the value, the more ductile the sample. below, for more information.). lowering toughness below the minimum specification level because thin plates had more inherent catalyst in one of the main processes that fuse Hydrogen into Helium in the center of the used, so I use it in place of such possibly more accurate hardness scales Rockwell Harvey of New Jersey, U.S.A., was the first to develop an all-steel, single-plate, battleship deck armor using STS (see below) originally had a bottom layer of Nickel-Steel under preferred) or there is no other way to manufacture the item (see GRUSON CHILLED CAST damage usually occurs to a completely penetrating projectile. shaped to as close to its final form as possible, then laid flat and packed around the edges with an brittleness is not a major criteria using a hardening technique called austempering. manufacturers of similar Chromium-Nickel-Steel armor. 1890-91. . When less THE MAKING, SHAPING AND TREATING OF STEEL (9th Edition) by The United It is these embedded/mixed crystals that are the major forms of projectile used during WWII) completely penetrated in effective bursting condition (no If the Carbon content is over 2%, the metal is called cast iron. to the final water quench. with Carbon. projectiles when hit nearly square-on, as would be the case for a turret pointed directly at an hardest face-hardened armor has reached 700 Brinell and even here this was done only in the angle of fall if nothing else (the U.S. Navy was already specifying long-range fire supported by situation even worse for Class "A" armor compared to Class "B" armor. with a deep Gruson-Chilled-Cast-Iron-type face to smash the rest of the projectile afterwards (the and when the hot solid austenite form of Iron cools very slowly through the the CHT it the hard, brittle face either did nothing to help or, in many cases, actually made the armor inferior VANADIUM: Vanadium is a hardening alloy element in steel that is much stronger in equaled the highest used for any other successful face-hardened armor--pre-WWI U.S. ferrite due to air cooling over a long time like fine wine aging! removing the impurities, after which the remaining Iron is remelted for further processing homogeneous armor tended to be similar in any case (this was not true for CLASS with other elements to modify its properties significantly, in addition to and/or in conjunction . instead since WWI-era projectiles usually could not penetrate very deeply into a target due to . considerably; one of its many benefits. the existance of the thin, but very brittle, cemented layer used in KC n/A armor), meaning that it This reduces the effects of work hardening and allows shaping of objects in very below, such as French KC-type armor, assume the following default parameters apply: VICKERS HARDENED NON-CEMENTED FACE-HARDENED ARMOR (VH) plate Harvey used for his perfected process was a 10.6" (27cm) Schneider & Co. Adding alloy elements to Iron to make wrought iron (3-7% Silicon and under 0.08% of the cemented layer had little effect on plate resistance, since it had done its job (or failed) fused together from the start. opposed to ductile tearing (see above). This was done many times, creating thousands of thin parallel layers of low-Carbon cemented layer hardness being in British WWII CEMENTED ARMOR (see below), with its austenite crystals. from 8" (20.3 cm) to 14.96" (38 cm) against otherwise-identical plates scaled from, It is only mildly chemically active, but it has a great affinity for Sulfur, today, is called Zone Refining. elements (see RETAINED AUSTENITE, above). "seed" makes that point somehow different from the surrounding material in such a inability to use any kind of mechanical method to alter the crystal structure after casting, since Corporation and Bethlehem Steel Corporation). KONGO completed in 1912. . severe breakage and brittle behavior problems that were only accepted because the steel armor . "proximity" or "influence"), U.S. Navy post-WWI Auxiliary Detonating resize its crystals; most of its quality variation is caused by impurities or poor smelting practice on the temperature and the thickness of the object, both the retained austenite and the white Any portions developed full-strength armor steels for ships and armored land vehicles. Mild/Medium Steel types, though their improved properties in all other ways more than made up 371oC (699.8oF) to 650oC is not as desirable as removing the impurity altogether (the cost of trying to thoroughly remove example. 260oC (500oF) or less, its atoms cannot move prior to being The crystal Compound armor when Schneider & Co. introduced NICKEL-STEEL armor (see above) in least one test where a U.S. 14" (35.56cm) Mark 16 Mod 8 hard-capped armor-piercing back plate) (see below) became completely obsolete. steadily when hit by projectiles above this size at a rate between German Ww and U.S. STS). • BISMARCK Class ships was introduced. U.S. warship armored conning towers used Class "B" armor so that they could (Many WWII The latter is done through the various machines Metallurgy 4 has added or will add in the future. The depth of the (see below)--cementite is "metastable" in that if the temperature is again raised to . metal into shape, strong pressure is applied more slowly, though sometimes again and again, to Up through the end of 1910: .ARMOR QUALITY: Q=0.828 and QD=Q BLT: 65 TC=N to 927oC (1700.6oF)--well above the CHT--and holding it there "B" armor plate would again be desirable because a ricochetting projectile might (see below) was introduced, this armor was developed by Friedrich Krupp of Essen, Germany, It had a 535 Brinell improving version of CKC. . 2" (5.08 cm) plate is replaced by, say, a 6" (15.2 cm) projectile and a 4" (10.16 layer, and got the same result, though it was found that only a specific range of heat treatment very-high-Carbon surface layer about 1" (2.54cm) thick after first annealing and Also, unless the plate is small enough to be able to fit under the rollers to be rolled The plate was run into an oven and raised slowly to an even red hot change anywhere). Earth and comes in many forms: Graphite (black, flat, six-atom Carbon rings that are TENSILE* - TENSILE STRENGTH. keep our modern civilizations running. III/Ste. . ignored. Carbon (symbol C) is late-WWII, improved, super-hard-capped (650-680 Brinell all the way through) U.S. 8" In fact, the first At the time only the French company could make any Tempering is the cause of the small drop in . . Germany and the U.S. did not use this replaced, though not quite as strong in tensile tests, being among the strongest of the
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