A thermometer is called primary or secondary based on how the raw physical quantity it measures is mapped to a temperature. And there is a scale showing the measured temperature. which serves as a coordinate manifold of material behaviour. Among these alcohol and mercury thermometers are commonly used for day to day measurement taking. Divide the distance between these marks into equal portions according to the temperature scale being used. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the digital readout on an infrared model). Thermometers are used in roadways in cold weather climates to help determine if icing conditions exist and indoors in climate control systems. For example, boiling point of ethanol is 80°C and the freezing point is -115°C. [19] In 1866, Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt (1836–1925) invented a clinical thermometer that produced a body temperature reading in five minutes as opposed to twenty. The most recent official temperature scale is the International Temperature Scale of 1990. This page was last edited on 19 November 2020, at 10:25. As the temperature decreases the fluid contracts and goes down in the capillary. Alcohol is a colorless, volatile fluid. If an alcohol thermometer utilizes a combination of ethyl alcohol, toluene, and pentane, its lower temperature range may be extended to measure temperatures down to as low as −200 °C (−328 °F). The first physician to use thermometer measurements in clinical practice was Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738). [12] Many other scientists experimented with various liquids and designs of thermometer. For mercury thermometer: -39 to 357°C For alcohol-in-glass thermometer: -115 to 78°C; In colder countries, most of its liquid-in-glass thermometers use alcohol and not mercury. 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Nanothermometers are classified as luminescent thermometers (if they use light to measure temperature) and non-luminescent thermometers (systems where thermometric properties are not directly related to luminescence).[61]. A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient (the degree of hotness or coldness of an object). [42] (This is an example of a Frigorific mixture). Many empirical thermometers rely on the constitutive relation between pressure, volume and temperature of their thermometric material. [25][26][27], As it is customarily stated in textbooks, taken alone, the so-called "zeroth law of thermodynamics" fails to deliver this information, but the statement of the zeroth law of thermodynamics by James Serrin in 1977, though rather mathematically abstract, is more informative for thermometry: "Zeroth Law – There exists a topological line
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